Africa



__**Essential Questions:**__ People may not like the political change if it is views that they do not believe in. They may disagree with the government or become angry if they do not like political change that was caused. Usually the people and nation are the two that benefit the most from it. The people start feeling a sense of power and pride for their nation. The empires usually fall when nationalism rises. Political relationships agree or take a stand on one side or the other, which can either benefit or do the opposite to the economy, creating stronger relationships to better the economy. Agreement on decisions, agreements on things that better the economy, and decisions that benefit the people are all factors that can contribute to uniting a nation.
 * **How can political change cause conflict?**
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**


 * __ Comments on Video of Africa: __ **
 * China still heavily involved in world trade
 * didn't produce anything but what the Chinese wanted
 * Europeans found something that the Chinese would buy-opium
 * Chinese saw this as unfair trade practices
 * Chinese gave up all sovereignty to British spheres of influence
 * Europeans (British) became dominant economic power in China
 * Europeans been involved in Africa since 16th century
 * Europeans saw it as a bonus to b able to say that they had colonies (nationalism)
 * controlling means of production
 * Europeans devastated by disease
 * Yellow fever, Malaria, and sleeping sickness are all sicknesses that affected Europeans in Africa
 * European guns useless, most fighting done the old fashion way with swords
 * Technology made a difference for Africa
 * most important technology was guns (especially machine guns)- allowed Europeans to wipe out Africa
 * European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and a lot of dying
 * most of Africa and Asia colonized
 * Japan perusing its own imperialism
 * many were able to get access to European education for themselves and for their children
 * visions of extending Egypt's control
 * British took control of controlling country's finances
 * Influence grew in their home countries and the lands they would invest in
 * Imperialism brought wealth and power to Europeans
 * Worst depression occurred in the congo
 * land and people of the congo were exploited
 * Population declined because of conditions

__**Questions On Map:**__ []

//** - By Karl Liebknecht **//
 * "Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." **

__**Quote Analysis:**__ __**Scramble of Africa Markup:**__ []

__**Picture Detective:**__ Who is the man ahead of Uncle Sam and who are the people both of them are carrying on their backs? Words written on rocks "Ignorance, Oppression, Brutality, Slavery" etc. Uncle Sam behind man in Red Coat (Could be British) Different people in the front than on Uncle Sam's back. Africans in Uncle Sam's basket Headed toward a light Word "civilization" at the finish/goal. People in the front pointing and laughing at those with Uncle Sam The message of this political cartoon is that the United States is struggling to bring Africa and its people to a point of civilization, whereas the British man is more successful in bringing the others to this point. The British and the United States are both carrying others to civilization. The goal was to reach civilization, with the help of one another.
 * **Ask a Question**
 * **What do you see (Clues)**
 * ** What is the message of the political cartoon? **

[]
 * __Graphic Organizer on New Imperialism:__**


 * __Imperialism Frayer Model:__**

__**White Man's Burden:**__

The white mans burden here was the american colonization and the responsibility they felt they had in order to show other nations and races how they should live. Educate the native The reward that the white man gets for carrying his burden is the blame of the ye guards and the cry of hosts ye humor. People will be proud of them for it, and they would also get rewarded in heaven He wrote this poem towards US imperialism. His audience most likely didn't agree with it at the time because its could be insulting to them. The white men in order to encourage them or the people interested in imperialism. If you supported imperialism you would agree with this poem, but if you were anti imperialism, you would not agree with this poem. "Your new-caught, sullen peoples Half devil and half child  Take up the White Man’s burden" I thought these lines were most interesting because it describes the people that took on this burden as "half devil and half child".
 * 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? **
 * 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? **
 * 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? **
 * 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? **

__** Black Man's Burden: **__ This poem described more of the negative outcome of imperialism on Africa. This poem describes how the Europeans tried to imperalize the world with good intentions, but was harmful to Africa. The Africans suffered tremendously and this poem describes how Imperialism really affected African's lives. //"Hail ye your fearless armies,// //Which menace feeble folks// //Who fight with clubs and arrows// //and brook your rifle’s smoke."//
 * What is the message of //this// poem: **

The message of "The Black Man's Burden" was to have the intent that the blacks in the Philippines were demonstrating their mistreatment, and how it was an extension from the mistreatment that occurred of the black Americans at home.

__**Berlin 1885 Video Notes:**__
 * Chancellor Bismarck of Germany brought together delegates from 16 different countries to sit down and talk about splitting Africa amongst themselves.
 * African nations not represented in meeting.
 * 6 months of secret talks, declarations, bargaining and dreams of wealth in Africa changes face and culture of Africa.
 * Europeans race to gain more territory.
 * The Berlin Conference document has the transcription of the conference written down that talks about the future of Africa.
 * Scramble for Africa was like a big strategic chess game.
 * Racist views of Africans was deeply ingrained in people's minds.
 * Conference draws lines on the map of Africa that are now the boundaries of modern countries today.
 * delegates from 16 different countries were brought together by chancellor Bismarck of Germany, with the intent to sit and talk about the splitting of Africa among themselves, and African nations were not represented in the meeting.
 * the culture and face of Africa were changed by the 6 months of declarations, secret talks, dreams of wealth as bargaining.
 * there was a race among Europeans to gain more territory
 * the future of Africa is included in the Berlin conference document, as it has the transcript of the conferencethe racist views that people had upon Africans was drilled into their mind
 * lines on the map of Africa are drawn by the conference, and made to today's boundaries of modern countries

__**Significance of Berlin Conference in 5 words:**__ Agreement Colonialism Separation Inconsiderate Prestige Division Unfairness

__**Primary Sources on Imperialism in Africa**__

__**Document 1**__ // " Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of //// those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that //// has made it possible for evil to triumph." //** Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 ** He believes that imperialism is wrong and that it should not be allowed to happen. The events that might of happened is that he may have seen other African countries around him being colonized or he went through the struggles of almost being taken over but he fought against it. He has seen other countries begin taken over and fought so that his country was not. He may have seen the struggles that other African countries were facing during colonization and he did not want it to happen to his country. He may have saw how they struggled and realized that this was not right and something needs to be done. This quote related to imperialism in Africa because Ethiopia was one of the only countries who did not become colonized by a European nation. This shows the views of their leader and how he fought so that imperialism would not take over his country as he sees its downsides and how he does not want it to happen to his own country. People never cared a lot about imperialism especially since many of the white European nations wanted it and other African countries had it happen to them so no one was truly sticking up.
 * Questions to consider: **
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.

__**Document 2**__ //Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...// //I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.//
 * "On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)**

//I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.//

The author of this was Jules Ferry, with a viewpoint of support to the superior of the races, and the belief that they in fact do have a right over the lower, because of their duties He offers the justification that the higher race and the European nations will acquit themselves with generosity, grandeur, and sincerity of the superior civilizing duty. To allow the lower races to think that there is a reason for their ranking, because of the numerous duties that the superior races must maintain above the lower. This speech tells me that life was unequal, and that the superior races believed they ruled above all. This also shows me that they had cocky and biased attitudes towards anyone but themselves.
 * //Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?//
 * //What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?//
 * //Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?//
 * //What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?//

__**Document 3**__ "The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.Artists: Linley Sambourne

This cartoon was published in Punch, or London Charivari, on December 10, 1982. This impacts the perspective because during this time Rhodes has the ambitions to extend. I think this meaning was given to the cartoon, because of the ease that Rhodes had to extend an electrical telegraph from Cape Town to Cairo, which is why he was "striding" with ease. It is being depicted that Rhodes is taking over Africa with the electrical telegraph, which can be shown by his captivating size over the continent. The wire is the representation of the electrical telegraph, as it is an electrical wire and serves along with his plan or intention to expand over the continent. The artists viewpoint is that Cairo is planning to extend an electrical telegraph from Cape Town to Cairo, and this is being represented by Rhodes as a giant standing over the continent to show the power that he controlled in the creation of the electrical telegraph. Rhodes as a giant as well as the electrical wire he holds supports my claim about the plan he has or had, to extend.
 * **Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?**
 * **What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)**
 * **Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?**
 * **What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?**

__**Document 4**__ [] The author of this letter is Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of Basutos in South Africa. Hew is writing the letter because he wants to address the fact that the Europeans are taking over the land of Africa. His purpose is to explain how he did not understand the white men had this much power and he is upset with how they are going about colonizing the land. The Boers are the people of Dutch descent who lived in South Africa Sir Harry Smith was the governor of a colony in South Africa I do think the letter was successful in fulfilling it's purpose because it showed what the white people were doing to them in Africa and showed how they were taking over their land. He explains how "the Boers went further and further day by day in troubling" and taking land from the people. He also explained how the Boers considered the "farms their own" which proved the economy and markets the Europeans were trying to establish in Africa.
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different. They were treated really poorly--like animals. It says in the document "we were treated like slaves". They were ordered around, and forced to stand silent while being brutally treated with violence and inhumanly actions. It wasn't really successful because as the document says, they "made many charges but each time…were defeated". The white people had an advantage over them--they had guns. They killed Africans with their weapons, so the Africans really didn't have a way to defend themselves or fight back like they intended to in the rebellion.
 * Document 5**: **Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?


 * Document 6**: **Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice The author of this source is Mojimba, who was an African chief. It refers to a battle in 1877 that occurred on the Congo River. This battle was fought between the British and African Mercenaries. The British were much stronger than the Africans in terms of force. They really overpowered the Africans, and shot them down with their weapons. The Africans had no control and not much self-defense, causing the British to win. The text states that the African people hid, and when they came back that evening, a lot of people saw their family members laid on the floor, dead. This really shows how the African people had no choice but to run from the situation, or they would end up dead like those close to them. The chief has strong hate toward the British. He believes they are wicked, and hold a lot of "sickness in their heads". He believes their actions are injsut, and treating them this way is not fair at all.
 * //Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?//
 * //Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.//
 * //What is the chief's opinion of the British?//


 * Document 7**: **Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.
 * // What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim //

The message that was trying to be sent by the German military officer was that send was that the Africans are superstitious and believed that just taking a "medicine" would be beneficial to their ability to win. This German military officer claims that the Africans believed that the medicine would give them "invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets,". This showed that he really believed in this, and strongly agreed to thinking this was true. I think the Africans made such claims because the Africans most likely held these beliefs in their culture. Their culture may have held these beliefs for years and years and years and it has been passed on. The Africans felt like the Europeans were taking them over, which they were, and most likely wanted to hold onto a piece of something that was theirs, such as the superstitious ideas.
 * //Why do you think the Africans made such claims?//

Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910. In this photo there is a man standing by a dead elephant. The man has a look on his face like he has just done something big--something he had been waiting to do. He looks sort of like he has accomplished something big, and he is standing next to his big prize. He doesn't look too excited about it, or even happy, but his face shows that he definitely did what he had to do. The purpose is to show that the whites went into Africa and took full control of the animals for their personal use and benefit. The economic and social implications that this photo indicates is that the white men most likely killed animals to use them for their personal benefit with the intent to gain more uses from them. They have taken advantage of the resources that Africa has to offer, and is the only value that it holds for the white men now, which they are also taking advantage of. Regardless of the effects that they white mens' actions had on the land, people, and wildlife of Africa, they still went ahead and used t=whatever they needed to benefit themselves only. The clothing industry, food industry, industrialization, beauty & health industry, and electrical. Great Britain. Because they have a lot of metals and electrical resources that cost a lot of money. Also gold and diamonds were a big part and they are very valuable. Because it shows the materials that they were able to obtain. Each country had colonies with many different types of raw materials that would benefit their country, which comes to the conclusion that they were there to get hold of all of the raw materials there was to offer.
 * Document 8**:
 * //Describe the person and objects in this photo.//
 * //What is the purpose of the photograph?//
 * //What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?//
 * Document 9**:
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962 He claimed that the Europeans were trying to strip them of their independence and confidence in themselves. He also says that Africa has the best raw materials and the Europeans are turning the lands into their own economy.
 * Document 10**:
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?

__** Open Response: **__

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yrJNycJ1ITrDkjolMeMKW2uR0E7V7UejtIQ-k6BgPf8/edit?usp=sharing